Yi Zhang, Azzam Haddad, Steven W. Su, Branko G. Celler, Hung T. Nguyen
[1] Australia's Future Fat Bomb: A report on the long-term consequences of Australia's expanding waistline oncardiovascular disease. Preventive Cardiology at theBaker Heart Research Institute. [2] Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management ofOverweight and Obesity in Adults. National Health andMedical Research Council. [3] S. W. Su, B. Celler, A. Savkin, H. Nguyen, T. Cheng,Y. Guo & L. Wang, Transient and steady stateestimation of human oxygen uptake based onnoninvasive portable sensor measurements, Medical &Biological Engineering & Computing, 47(10), 2009,1111-1117. [4] S. W. Su, L. Wang, B. Celler, E. Ambikairajah & A.Savkin, Estimation of walking energy expenditure byusing support vector regression. Proc. 27thAnnualInternational Conference of the IEEE Engineering inMedicine and Biology Society (EMBS), Shanghai, China,September, 2005, 3526-3629. [5] M. Fairbarn, S. Blackie, N. McElvaney, B. Wiggs, P.Pare & R. Pardy, Prediction of heart rate and oxygenuptake during incremental and maximal exercise inhealthy adults, Chest, 105, 1994, 1365-1369.The precise biochemical explanation of the recovery energyconsumption during t1 and t3, especially the role of lactic acid, is notpossible because the specific chemical dynamics in the recovery stageare still unclear [30]. In this paper, we thought the energy debt (linedshadow phase) during the onset of exercise is completely repaid in theoffset portion.127 [6] P. Astrand, T. Cuddy, B. Saltin & J. Stenberg, Cardiacoutput during submaximal and maximal work, J. Appl.Physio., 9, 1964, 268-274. [7] M. Freedman, G. Snider, P. Broastoff, S. Kimelblot &L. Katz, Effects of training on response of cardiacoutput to muscular exercise in athletes, J. Appl.Physiol., 18, 1955, 37-47. [8] V. Seliger & J. Wagner, Evaluation of heart rateduring exercise on a bicycle ergometer, Physiol.Boheraoslov., 18, 1969, 41. [9] Y. Chen & Y. Lee, Effect of combined dynamic andstatic workload on heart rate recovery cost, Ergonomics,41(1), 1998, 29-38. [10] R. Acharya, A. Kumar, I. P. Bhat, L. Choo, S.Iyengar, K. Natarajan & S. Krishnan, Classification ofcardiac abnormalities using heart rate signals, Medical &Biological Engineering & Computing, 42(3), 2004, 288-293. [11] M. Hajek, J. Potucek & V. Brodan, Mathematicalmodel of heart rate regulation during exercise,Automatica, 16, 1980, 191-195. [12] T. Cheng, A. Savkin, B. Celler, S. W. Su, & L.Wang, Nonlinear modeling and control of human heartrate response during exercise with various work loadintensities, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 55(11), 2008,2499-2508. [13] S. W. Su, W. Chen, D. Liu, Y. Fang, W. Kuang, X.Yu, T. Guo, B. G. Celler, & H. T. Nguyen, Dynamicmodeling of heart rate response under different exerciseintensity, The Open Medical Informatics Journal, 4, 2010,81-85. [14] A. V. Hill et al., Muscular exercise, lactic acid andthe supply and utilization of oxygen, Proc. R. Soc. Lond.(Biol.), 96, 1924, 438. [15] R. B. Bradfield, A technique for determination ofusual daily energy expenditure in the field, The AmericanJournal of Clinical Nutrition, 24, 1971, 1148-1154. [16] M. A. Mc.Crory, P. A. Mole, L. A. Nommsen-Rivers, & K. G. Dewey, Between-day and within-dayvariability in the relation between heart rate and oxygenconsumption: effect on the estimation of energyexpenditure by heart-rate monitoring, The AmericanJournal of Clinical Nutrition, 66, 1997, 18-25. [17] J. Achten & A. E. Jeukendrup, Heart rate monitoringapplications and limitations, Sports Med., 33(7), 2003,517-538. [18] R. Duffield, B. Dawson, H. C. Pinnington, & P.Wong, Accuracy and reliability of a cosmed K4b2portable gas analysis system, J Sci Med Sport, 7(1), 2004,11-22. [19] H. C. Pinnington, P. Wong, J. Tay, D. Green, & B.Dawson, The level of accuracy and agreement inmeasures of FEO2, FECO2, and VE, between the cosmedK4b2portable, respiratory gas analysis system and ametabolic cart, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,4(3), 2001, 324-335. [20] C. Balderrama, G. Ibarra, J. De La Riva, & S. Lopez,Evaluation of three methodologies to estimate the VO2maxin people of different ages, Applied Ergonomics, 42,2010, 162-168. [21] S. W. Su, L. Wang, B. G. Celler, A. V. Savkin, & Y.Guo, Identification and control for heart rate regulationduring treadmill exercise, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 54(7),2007, 1238-1246. [22] S. W. Su, S. Huang, L. Wang, B. G. Celler, A. V.Savkin, Y. Guo & T. Cheng, Nonparametric HammersteinModel Based Model Predictive Control for Heart RateRegulation, Proc. 29thEMBC, Lyon, France, Aug 23-26,2007, 2984-2987. [23] A. Coggin, Plasma glucose metabolism duringexercise in humans, Sports Medicine, 11, 1991, 102-124. [24] E. F. Coyle et al., Carbohydrate and fluid ingestionduring exercise: Are there tradeoffs?, Medicine andScience in Sports and Exercise, 24, 1991, 671-678. [25] P. Gollnick, Metabolism of substrates: Energysubstrate metabolism during exercise and as modified bytraining, Federation Proceedings, 44, 1985, 353-356. [26] E. Hultman & H. Sjoholm, Substrate availability. InBiochemistry of Exercise, ed. H. Knuttgen, J. Vogel, andJ. R. Poortmans (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1983). [27] W. Stanley & R. Connett, Regulation of musclecarbohydrate metabolism during exercise, FASEBJournal, 5, 1991, 2155-2159. [28] Scott K. Powers, & Edward T. Howley, ExercisePhysiology: Theory and Application to Fitness andPerformance (McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2001). [30]. In this paper, we thought the energy debt (linedshadow phase) during the onset of exercise is completely repaid in theoffset portion.127[6] P. Astrand, T. Cuddy, B. Saltin & J. Stenberg, Cardiacoutput during submaximal and maximal work, J. Appl.Physio., 9, 1964, 268-274.[7] M. Freedman, G. Snider, P. Broastoff, S. Kimelblot &L. Katz, Effects of training on response of cardiacoutput to muscular exercise in athletes, J. Appl.Physiol., 18, 1955, 37-47.[8] V. Seliger & J. Wagner, Evaluation of heart rateduring exercise on a bicycle ergometer, Physiol.Boheraoslov., 18, 1969, 41.[9] Y. Chen & Y. Lee, Effect of combined dynamic andstatic workload on heart rate recovery cost, Ergonomics,41(1), 1998, 29-38.[10] R. Acharya, A. Kumar, I. P. Bhat, L. Choo, S.Iyengar, K. Natarajan & S. Krishnan, Classification ofcardiac abnormalities using heart rate signals, Medical &Biological Engineering & Computing, 42(3), 2004, 288-293.[11] M. Hajek, J. Potucek & V. Brodan, Mathematicalmodel of heart rate regulation during exercise,Automatica, 16, 1980, 191-195.[12] T. Cheng, A. Savkin, B. Celler, S. W. Su, & L.Wang, Nonlinear modeling and control of human heartrate response during exercise with various work loadintensities, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 55(11), 2008,2499-2508.[13] S. W. Su, W. Chen, D. Liu, Y. Fang, W. Kuang, X.Yu, T. Guo, B. G. Celler, & H. T. Nguyen, Dynamicmodeling of heart rate response under different exerciseintensity, The Open Medical Informatics Journal, 4, 2010,81-85.[14] A. V. Hill et al., Muscular exercise, lactic acid andthe supply and utilization of oxygen, Proc. R. Soc. Lond.(Biol.), 96, 1924, 438.[15] R. B. Bradfield, A technique for determination ofusual daily energy expenditure in the field, The AmericanJournal of Clinical Nutrition, 24, 1971, 1148-1154.[16] M. A. Mc.Crory, P. A. Mole, L. A. Nommsen-Rivers, & K. G. Dewey, Between-day and within-dayvariability in the relation between heart rate and oxygenconsumption: effect on the estimation of energyexpenditure by heart-rate monitoring, The AmericanJournal of Clinical Nutrition, 66, 1997, 18-25.[17] J. Achten & A. E. Jeukendrup, Heart rate monitoringapplications and limitations, Sports Med., 33(7), 2003,517-538.[18] R. Duffield, B. Dawson, H. C. Pinnington, & P.Wong, Accuracy and reliability of a cosmed K4b2portable gas analysis system, J Sci Med Sport, 7(1), 2004,11-22.[19] H. C. Pinnington, P. Wong, J. Tay, D. Green, & B.Dawson, The level of accuracy and agreement inmeasures of FEO2, FECO2, and VE, between the cosmedK4b2portable, respiratory gas analysis system and ametabolic cart, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,4(3), 2001, 324-335.[20] C. Balderrama, G. Ibarra, J. De La Riva, & S. Lopez,Evaluation of three methodologies to estimate the VO2maxin people of different ages, Applied Ergonomics, 42,2010, 162-168.[21] S. W. Su, L. Wang, B. G. Celler, A. V. Savkin, & Y.Guo, Identification and control for heart rate regulationduring treadmill exercise, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 54(7),2007, 1238-1246.[22] S. W. Su, S. Huang, L. Wang, B. G. Celler, A. V.Savkin, Y. Guo & T. Cheng, Nonparametric HammersteinModel Based Model Predictive Control for Heart RateRegulation, Proc. 29thEMBC, Lyon, France, Aug 23-26,2007, 2984-2987.[23] A. Coggin, Plasma glucose metabolism duringexercise in humans, Sports Medicine, 11, 1991, 102-124.[24] E. F. Coyle et al., Carbohydrate and fluid ingestionduring exercise: Are there tradeoffs?, Medicine andScience in Sports and Exercise, 24, 1991, 671-678.[25] P. Gollnick, Metabolism of substrates: Energysubstrate metabolism during exercise and as modified bytraining, Federation Proceedings, 44, 1985, 353-356.[26] E. Hultman & H. Sjoholm, Substrate availability. InBiochemistry of Exercise, ed. H. Knuttgen, J. Vogel, andJ. R. Poortmans (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1983).[27] W. Stanley & R. Connett, Regulation of musclecarbohydrate metabolism during exercise, FASEBJournal, 5, 1991, 2155-2159.[28] Scott K. Powers, & Edward T. Howley, ExercisePhysiology: Theory and Application to Fitness andPerformance (McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2001).[29] William D. McArdle, Frank I. Katch, & Victor L.Katch, Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, andHuman Performance (Lea & Febiger, 1981).
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